"The nurses role in the treatment and prevention of cervical cancer"

Rak vrata maternice zloćudna je bolest kod koje dolazi do promjena na stanicama vrata maternice te iste počinju nekontrolirano rasti. Kod određenog broja žena promijenjene stanice (predstadiji raka) mogu se razviti u rak. Ova bolest najčešće je posljedica infekcije humanim papiloma virusom koja se prenosi spolnim putem. U fazi predstadija žene najčešće nemaju simptome, dok u uznapredovaloj fazi bolest najčešće prate nepravilno krvarenje, krvarenje između dva menstrualna ciklusa, krvarenje nakon spolnog odnosa, neuobičajeni iscjedak i bolovi u donjem dijelu trbuha. Dijagnoza bolesti postavlja se na temelju ginekološkog pregleda, citološkog nalaza (Papa-test), kolposkopije, biopsije te patohistološkom dijagnostikom nakon konizacije. Prepoznavši veličinu javnozdravstvenog problema, prednosti organiziranog probira kao i činjenicu da je rak vrata maternice u gotovo 90% slučajeva izlječiva bolest ukoliko se primjene sve poznate i znanstveno utemeljene metode prevencije i liječenja, Vlada Republike Hrvatske je 15. srpnja 2010. usvojila Nacionalni program ranog otkrivanja raka vrata maternice. Cilj rada bio je pregledom dostupne literature opisati čimbenike koji utječu na pojavnost karcinom vrata maternice, rizičnu populaciju kao i preventivne mjere s ciljem sprečavanja kao i ranog otkrivanja i liječenja karcinoma, s naglaskom na zdravstvenu njegu i definiranje sestrinskih problema i intervencija. Također, cilj rada je opisati organizaciju provođenja Nacionalnog programa ranog otkrivanja raka vrata maternice koji se provodi na razini županija, uspješnost provođenja u proteklom razdoblju i ulogu medicinske sestre. Metode koje su korištene tijekom izrade rada su bile pregledavanje sadržaja iz stručnih knjiga, priručnika i ostalih stručnih i znanstvenih publikacija. Također su pregledavane dostupne literature u stručnim i znanstvenim bazama podataka (PubMed, Scholar, Hrčak) objavljene na hrvatskom i engleskom jeziku publicirane u vremenskom razdoblju od 2000. do 2020. godine.Cervical cancer is a malignant disease in which there is a change in the cells of the cervix and they begin to grow uncontrollably. In a number of women, altered cells (pre-stages of cancer) can develop into cancer. This disease is most often the result of a sexually transmitted human papilloma virus infection. In the preclinical phase, women usually have no symptoms, while in the unknown phase of the disease they are most often accompanied by irregular bleeding, bleeding between two menstrual cycles, bleeding after intercourse, unusual discharge and pain in the lower abdomen. The diagnosis of the disease is made on the basis of gynecological examination, cytological findings (Pap test), colposcopy, biopsy and pathohistological diagnosis after conization. Recognizing the magnitude of the public health problem, the benefits of organized screening and the fact that cervical cancer in almost 90% of cases causes disease if all known and scientifically based methods of prevention and treatment are applied, the Government of the Republic of Croatia adopted the National Early Detection Program cervical cancer. The aim of this paper was to review the available literature to describe the factors influencing the occurrence of cervical cancer, risk population and preventive measures to prevent and early detection and treatment of cancer, with emphasis on health care and defining nursing problems and interventions. Also, the aim of the paper is to describe the organization of the implementation of the National Program for Early Detection of Cervical Cancer implemented at the county level, the success of the implementation in the past period and the role of the nurse. The methods used during the preparation of the paper were reviewed content from professional books, manuals and other professional and scientific publications. The available literature in professional and scientific databases (PubMed, Scholar, Hrčak) published in Croatian and English for the public in the period from 2000 to 2020 was also reviewed